Porter's theory of delivery is comprised of five topoi. Given the nature of topoi, the five dimensions he outlines are designed to help plan the delivery of a message through digital media. In your estimation, are these five topoi helpful? Why or why not?
The five topoi that Porter provides are all extremely, extremely helpful in planning the delivery (and in a way the composition) of digital media.
ReplyDeleteHis first topic Body/Identity calls attention to the way that our interactions and publications on the internet do not exist without a presentation of ourself, regardless of similarities and differences to our RL selves. This point, although technical in regards to the rhetoric of virtual realities is important in that it reminds us that we can't expect digital texts to function without an identity of author, and I think that is something that I've struggled with a lot in the past. I also think that the idea of the cyborg is helpful in the way that Porter views it, as a communication tool, where the technology and person blend in the delivery of digital texts.
I think in his second point, distribution/circulation, Porter points out and puts language to the decisions that we are already used to making. We're becoming so used to having so many options (Twitter/Instagram/Facebook/Tumblr/Personal Blogs, etc.) that I think this is becoming an easier decision. Porter says that this component of digital delivery is all about knowing your audience, and digital media definitely makes it easier to understand that. Youtube provides viewer demographics, google analytics can show us what people click on, how long they stay their, what devices they use, and what country they're from. If anything, I think we often mistake distribution as delivery in its entirety and neglect other aspects because of it.
Access/Accessibility, in my eyes, provide much more 'big-picture' concepts for digital delivery. In regards to access, understanding that not everybody has the tools and equipment to view digital texts is difficult in terms of composition and delivery. Porter offers the idea of maintaining print and digital distribution or advocating for public Internet access. While helpful in terms of considering your limitations, I feel that this is something we have to accept and acknowledge more than cater too. He does add in that we need to make sure our delivery is effective in terms of handheld devices, which (thankfully) is a feature that many sharing platforms provide for us. He also discuses accessibility, the catering to those with any form of disability, and the idea that we must deliver our text in a way that they can access it too. Overall this section is really helpful in pointing out limitations and perhaps drawing attention to demographics that your digital text may miss entirely.
Next, Porter gives us Interaction: Usable, Useful, Engaging/Compelling. In discussing the four ways that users can engage with others in a digital space, this point is extremely helpful. As a composer you must make a decision about the delivery of your work, and decide what the appropriate and necessary level of interaction will be. Porter also explains that while users may think they have a level of interactivity, they are so limited in what they are allowed to actually do, that it is not generally interactivity. This makes me think of twitter movements, where interactivity levels are significantly higher because all users can compose and collaborate with one another to create a viral and sometimes extremely effective message.
Finally, Porter provides economics. In this last topoi, we essentially uncover the why of digital composition and digital delivery. Porter says "Writing — all writing, I would say — resides in economic systems of value, exchange, and capital." This quote perfectly sums up the reasons we engage in the first four topoi and the reasons we engage in digital exchange. This point is important because it leads us to consider the return we are desiring from our work, and the ways in which we can make that return possible.
I think Porter’s five topoi—body/identity, distribution/circulation, access/accessibility, interaction, economics—is very helpful when planning the delivery of something in a digital format. He starts of by explaining that put of the rhetorical canons, that delivery has become the most prominent and important one to look out for. And when composing in digital media rather than print, there are some things to consider about delivery. Body/identity for example can easily be portrayed through the actual looks of the person, especially if they are making a speech. You are able to see that person’s relative age, race, gender, sexual orientation, etc. However on the Internet it may be difficult to show who you are behind the screen you are composing from. By building up your identity in a good light and strengthening your ethos, the delivery of your text will become more effective for the exigence you are addressing. As with the other four topoi Porter gives, they all prove to be useful when thinking about the most effective way to deliver your text. I enjoyed his examples and complementing images/figures. However, some of his explanations could have been cut with some of the unnecessary humor he tried to attempt and pointless details that weren’t needed to further his point. For me as a reader, I just wanted him to get to the point. For example, on page 11, “…Although it might seem that these virtual environments exist mostly for the sake of game playing, entertainment, and, yes, virtual sex, that is only the first-generation …”I didn’t really think the virtual sex part was needed as he could of listed more other reasons that these virtual environments exist. So as far as I thought Porter’s topoi were helpful, his article could have benefitted from a quick and not so much rambling tempo.
ReplyDeleteAll five of Porter’s topoi could definitely be helpful when delivering a message via digital media. Each topoi plays a role in delivery of non-digital media but also is based in different forms of traditional human communication. Body/identity is the most helpful topoi in my opinion. It plays a major role in traditional face to face communication and has become just as important in online delivery. Displaying an identity (gender, race, age, etc.) during physical contact is usually straightforward but surprisingly does not fade online. Various aspects of online design and presentation can contribute to the delivery of an online identity. Distribution/circulation focuses on the most effective way to distribute a message to an audience. The concept of circulation is a concept that has become even more large scale with online media. Recirculation is probably almost as important as initial distribution and circulation, especially with the rise of “sharing” or “retweeting” on platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Google plus. Porter also stresses the fact that it’s imperative to know who your audience is and how they access information in order to figure out the best mean of distribution/circulation. The access/accessibility topoi addresses the inequity of online application and tool availability/knowledge. Online access is considered wide spread but is still not 100% of the United States population. This is a constraint in terms of determining delivery methods of messages. The people that are able to receive an online delivered message are still a portion of the population and technically a limited audience. Porter gives possible solutions of working with devices other than computers, such as mobile phones, to deliver a message. Both topoi of Interaction and Economics are relevant in traditional print distribution and online delivery. Interactivity and convenience of use can be the highlight or downfall for the delivery of an online message. Just like in print media, if an online space as not “lively” (according to Whithaus and Neff), people would feel less engaged. Porter’s five topoi provide useful points to remember when creating online work.
ReplyDeleteI think Porter’s guided outline of the five topoi is applicable to anyone writing in the digital realm. He begins by giving a brief history lesson on the rhetorical canons, specifically delivery, on which his philosophy is based. I can verify one of Porters claims that when people think of delivery, the first (and possibly only) thing that comes to mind is oral delivery. It may even be a stretch to thank such rhetoricians he mentions: Cicero or Quintilian for such framework. However, when transferring to a more textual medium the idea of having or needing a delivery is somewhat blemished from focus, when in fact it’s just as important whether premeditated or not. Porter’s five components of “digital delivery” are: body/identity, distribution/circulation, access/accessibility, interaction, and economics. I think with body/identity, the first thing that could be useful, is knowing how to target an audience, whether that is filtered characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, personality, etc. Images can contain just as much gestural meaning, which is something to use to a writers advantage. I think with distribution and circulation, it has become more prominent with the ability to share, repost, or retweet, across various social media platforms. This concerns not only about knowing your audience but configuring the best method for reaching out to them. The component access/ accessibility were more of realizing limitations that comes with digital writing and our audiences. We need to remove ourselves from our immediate external circumstances, to be able to reach and understand a broader definition of audience (or who our readers will be). For me this comes down to how any can piece of writing, be transferable across multiplicities. Interaction is the degree to which something can be engaging and useful to the audience. I think of websites stub hub, where someone can easily purchase and download tickets. I also go to sites where you can shop stores online, where immediacy is extremely applicable. Lastly Porter listed what he would later call “the economics of rhetoric”. I think this term verified the importance of the others, in that digital delivery is relevant because there is always an exchange between author or text and the audience. There needs to be reciprocity in content and value, in order for exchange. Overall I think Porter is correct in stating that delivery in any sense, whether oral or digital, is an art configured through specific techniques.
ReplyDeletePorter’s theory of delivery involve five topoi —body/identity, distribution/circulation, access/accessibility, interaction, and economics. He used these five dimensions to outline how digital media should deliver a message. In my estimation, I do think these five topoi are helpful. Delivering a message digitally can be taken completely different than taking a message via print and through Porter’s five topoi, the person creating the message can have more of a successful delivery they are understood. For instance, with body and identity, delivering a message in person can use facial expressions, hand gestures, and other physical attributions to make the message clearer. Moreover, the person delivering the message can shift how they are presenting physically based on the body language of their audience. This differs from identity in the sense that people reading online have multiple outlets to get the information and so therefore the message immediately has to establish its identity and if it doesn’t the reader has full control of what it sees it as and can therefore determine if it is not a source that they identify with. The same goes for the distribution/circulation and access/accessibility. With delivering messages via online, information can spread faster and reach more people. This also affects the economics of how messages are delivered because via online is free as composed to exporting information via books or other print materials. However, the point of interaction I think is was makes me see how topoi as being unhelpful. With more information being so readily available online this decreases the amount of interaction we have in person and thus our communication face-to-face decreases when we can so easily just deliver a message via email or text or find it on the internet. I really appreciate Porter’s five topoi as I feel it really resonates with the issues society is currently dealing with in regards to where we move forward in regards to information online versus in print.
ReplyDeleteJames E. Porter’s article “Recovering Delivery for Digital Rhetoric and Human-Computer Interaction” details five different topoi that can be used to construct and analyze a text’s delivery. These topoi are body/identity, distribution/circulation, access/accessibility, interaction, and economics. I find some of these topoi to be useful, but personally this theory as a method of composing feels too overwhelming to apply to my own process. Delivery is important to consider. Porter points out “In classical Greek and Roman rhetoric, delivery referred primarily to oral delivery,” which is just one means of delivery (3). Today the means of delivery are incredibly diverse, and this diversity warrants a new discussion on delivery.
ReplyDeleteHowever, Porter’s assertion that “To maximize their generative or productive power you must put them [the topoi] into dynamic interaction with each other” feels more like a means of analysis than of composition (23). This theory seems to turn people into multitasking smartphones capable of weighing the pros and cons of multiple design decisions in relation to each other at the exact same time. The theory asks composers to consider the one-on-one interplay of every element within a text, while also considering the multitude of sums created by various combinations of elements and the holistic completed text itself. The complexity and difficultly of this task is revealed when Porter compares his own theory to Kenneth Burke’s pentad theory (Porter 23). Both Burke and Porter’s theories attempt to capture how a single change in a rhetorical element affects the whole text and also individual elements too. I know personally that I am incapable of composing like this. It just requires too much concentration. This method seems useful for analysis (like looking for where a text has gone wrong), but as a whole I do not find it useful for composition. The individual topoi feel useful for making choices, but most people are unwilling to compose in a way that requires so much thought. It seems like it could lead to the composition of well-crafted texts, but it could just as easily lead to overthought texts where the time put in does not echo the quality of the final product.
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ReplyDeletePorter’s theory of digital delivery is helpful. This is the case mostly because it is a thorough theory. His five topoi of distribution/circulation, access/accessibility, interaction, and body/identity encompass most of what needs to be known about how delivery works in the digital world. Body/identity focuses on the fact that we ourselves are a part of a work because it is us that interacts and responds to it. What is a writing without a reader? Also, what is a writing without an author? It this topoi draws on the notion that as an audience we tend to eradicate an author when the author is the source, the author is the origin that needs to be acknowledged. Distribution/circulation brings into focus that an author needs to be aware of their audience. You cannot present a topic the same way you would to a graduate student that you would a fifth grader. This one is about knowing that the audience gets information from different locations such as social media or academic journals. Access/accessibility is about the author being aware that maybe their targeted audience does not have access to what is being presented so must accommodate this in whatever way necessary. The interactivity topoi discusses that not all platforms offer that level of interaction needed to make an audience truly understand what is being done. A certain level of interactivity is necessary in order to make something compelling which is the purpose of writing, which is to compel.
Brief overview of the five topoi:
ReplyDeleteBody- “‘The body’ includes a number of features related to your identity. It also includes your ‘performance.’ These bodily features are significantly intertwined with your ethos as a speaker.” (8)
Distribution/circulation- “Distribution refers then to the initial decision about how you package a message in order to send it to its intended audience. Circulation refers to the potential for that message to have a document life of its own and be re-distributed without your direct intervention” (11).
Access/accessibility- “’Access’ is the more general term related to whether a person has the necessary hardware, software, and network connectivity in order to use the Internet — and to whether certain groups of persons have a disadvantaged level of access due to their race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, age, or other factors. ‘Accessibility’ refers to the level of connectedness of one particular group of persons — those with disabilities” (14).
Approaching the problem from the perspective of audience access/accessibility means starting with audience need — and with the diversity of audiences — and then developing a rhetorical approach (or, more likely, a variety of approaches) to address that need.
Interaction: Usable, Useful, Engaging/Compelling- “Interaction, or interactivity, refers to how users engage interfaces and each other in digital environments” (16).
Economics- Economics is the sense of value involved in texts.
Response:
After reading Porter’s article, it is evident that the five topoi share relationships with one another. They work together and practice techne to effectively communicate a digital message. Porter actually uses topics to describe other topics- “The question of distribution on the writer side of the process pertains to the question of access on the audience side of the process (to be discussed in the next section)” (12). This alone shows how the topics function with one another, and these relationships also portray their importance to digital delivery. Porter ‘s descriptions, examples and knowledge present strong arguments for the delivery topics. I agree with most of his arguments, because each topic does influence readers/audience members. For example, a person will never react to a digital message if he/she does not have access to the message.
There was one part of the article I did not agree with. Porter thinks that advertising only allows audience to “gaze in awe.” Maybe at one time it did, but I think times have changed with new technology. New media and new campaigns now embrace audience interaction. For example online voting for Lay’s next chips flavor, Instagram reposts, live tweeting and using hashtags creates interactivity within advertising.
I find that the five topoi Porter provides are incredibly useful in planning delivery via digital media. He outlines five salient points of consideration when composing a text, which I'll extrapolate below:
ReplyDeleteThe first point he outlines -- Body/Identity -- acknowledges the continued importance of bodily presence as a component of delivery. As Porter points out, this aspect is closely tied to a speaker’s ethos. But the question becomes, how is this possible on the web, or in other forms of digital media? As described, this element can be crafted in a multitude of ways, from emoticons which craft gestural representation to photographs which act as static graphic representations of the body.
Porter’s second point -- Distribution/Circulation -- shows that the process of considering timing and distribution methods is obfuscated by digital media, in comparison to oral delivery. There are more options, and hence more to consider, and digital media in some cases lacks the immediacy of oral delivery. Issues here arise with considering publication venues, media formats and platforms.
Access/Accessibility is not quite as useful as Porter’s other points, as it speaks more to a generally held understanding of the limitations of access rather than specific considerations. However, it’s important to be cognizant of how you choose to delivery your content, as many people may not have access to programs or platforms in which to view/interact with it. I see this especially with game media, as often times games are not cross platform – they require specific consoles or computers to be used, limiting the audience of that game.
The fourth topoi -- Interaction -- is succinctly summarized here: “the writer needs to consider what kinds of designs will enable and encourage the kind of audience interactions desired” (17). Here it’s important to consider the use of an interaction with the intended response. Again, I was reminded of games. For instance, in the mobile/PC game Luxuria Superbia, the method of interaction (combined with the visual and aural elements) is part of the message.
In his last point -- Economics – Porter asks the question of what drives the interaction between the consumer and the producer, what maintains that process. It’s basically speaks to the first four points, and clarifies why they are important to consider when composing.
According to Porter, the theory of digital delivery has five components: body/identity, distribution/circulation, access/accessibility, interaction and economics. These topoi are the common topics of delivery.
ReplyDeleteThe body plays a key role in face-to-face oral delivery because of its persuasive effect. The “body” includes features related to your identity such as gender, race, ethnicity, sexual preference and age (8). It also includes performance like your facial expressions, gestures, haircut and posture. People use these bodily features to achieve ethos. This body does not disappear online. Things such as emoticons and avatar help people express emotion. Internet participants often take their identity with them online. Another example the author gives is virtual worlds. People recreate their bodies in cyberspace to represent who they are or who they want to be. These bodies then rhetorically perform in virtual space (11).
Digital distribution refers to the rhetorical way of presenting discourse in online situations. Circulation describes how the message might be recycled in digital space (11). When distributing a message, you have to adjust it to its intended audience. Your message will be circulated if it is redistributed without your intervention.
Accessibility is a problem in delivering messages digitally. Not everyone has access to computer resources. Government documents, news media and health information has all moved online. Citizens without access will not be able to view this important information. Designing information for cell phones allows access to more people especially globally.
Interaction refers to how users engage interfaces and each other in digital environments (16). People design interfaces to make it easy for users. Writers need to consider what designs will encourage and enable their desired audience (17). People look for websites with “liveliness”. They want an interesting and compelling experience (18).
Economics of delivery relates to why people write, who they write for and what motivates them to write. The sense of value is also involved in the economics of writing. The issue of intellectual property is also raised with the production and distribution of digital materials. Copyright is a key subtopic of digital delivery.
I believe these five topoi are helpful. They help people write online and effectively deliver their messages.
In "Recovering Delivery for Digital Rhetoric and Human-Computer Interaction”, Porter discusses five major topois which include body/identity, distribution/circulation, access/accessibility, interaction, and economics. These topois are extremely helpful in the delivery of the message through digital social media. Porter's first theory, body and identity, describes the online representations of components such as body, gestures, voice, dress and image. He also questions identity and performance as well as the online representation of race, class gender, sexual orientation and ethnicity. This point is extremely beneficial when determining what kind of audience you are addressing as well as the point you are trying to get across to the audience. His second topoi includes the distribution and circulation of technological publishing options in order to reproduce, distribute, and circulate the information. Porter carries on with the idea of accessibility regarding the audience connectedness to Internet based information, which is extremely fundamental when trying to reach a broader audience.
ReplyDeleteFurthermore, Porter explores the interaction between people and information through the types of engagement allowed by digital designs. His final component is the economics of digital delivery regarding copyright, ownership, as well as control of information, fair use, authorship and the politics of information policy (Porter 2). This element is important to understand based on the free access to media online versus having to pay for print texts. Porter claims that in order to maximize the power of these topoids, they must be placed into dynamic interaction with different rhetorical topics. They all represent five different viewpoints to take toward human situations which functions to promote critical understanding about human actions and motives. These methods promote inventional thinking through the connections between people and a range of topics (Porter 23). Porter’s five topois are very beneficial to in our transition between print text and online media as the delivery of the message has changed significantly with the constant progression of digital media.
In "Recovering Delivery for Digital Rhetoric and Human-Computer Interaction," Porter proposes a sequence of five topoi to describe the composition elements of digital texts - body/identity, distribution/circulation, access/accessibility, interaction, and economics. As Porter explores these items, it makes for an interesting reading experience, although I do find some of his topoi more useful than others.
ReplyDeleteBody/Identity refers to the identity of the author. This may include characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, etc., and it can also describe gestures or aspects of the author's appearance. In fact, Porter argues that a smiley face emoticon can be classified within this topoi. This makes the topoi most similar to Aristotle's fifth canon of rhetoric, delivery, to which Porter compares all five of them. While I certainly understand Porter's decision to place author identity at the forefront of digital design, I still find this choice to be his most dubious. Porter gives the example of the Victoria's Secret website, but is this site intended to reveal something about its authors as much as it is intended to create an impression of Victoria's Secret as a whole? While I understand Porter's logic, I don't think consumers of digital texts always identify with the author in the way audiences of speeches do the speaker.
This is followed by distribution/circulation. I find that this topoi to be of more practical use, as it deals with how messages should be circulated and in what form. While the body/identity that Porter observes is not a conscious decision, methods of distribution are. Body/identity simply appears in texts, whether or not the author is aware of it in the sense that Porter is, but with distribution/circulation it is often the opposite case. Distribution/circulation is also less automatic and it is possible to forget its importance. Porter quotes John Timbur as saying, "Neglecting delivery has led writing teachers to equate the activity of composing with writing itself and to miss altogether the complex delivery systems through which writing circulates."
Access/accessibility, like distribution/circulation, is also an important part of composition which cannot be overlooked. Porter notes that in many countries, cell phone usage greatly outnumbers computer usage, and digital material must be designed in order to accommodate situations such as these. Again, I cannot disagree about the importance of this consideration.
Next is audience interactivity. The author must decide how the desired form of audience interaction can be facilitated. Porter discusses the importance of creating meaningful ways in which audiences can become another author of a website, when in the proper context. Interactive online media is such an obvious and major part of everyday life that I cannot find any fault in Porter including this topoi.
Finally is economics. Like with the first topoi, I find the usefulness of economics to be more uncertain, perhaps because it seems to break up the whole sequence as a series of steps by asking questions rather than providing concrete instructions to someone creating digital media. However, Porter does make an interesting inquiry into what motivates us to write and to read others' work. He does discuss issues of copyright, which is also an important, if less exciting consideration.
Overall, I enjoyed reading Porter's piece. Although I didn't find all of the material to be equally useful for someone attempting to deliver a text, I felt that when discussing each topoi, he made plenty of excellent points.
The theory of digital delivery has five components:
ReplyDeleteBody/Identity – concerning online representations of the body, gestures, voice, dress, and image, and questions of identity and performance and online representations of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and ethnicity
- Consideration of this can connect or disconnect the piece from members of the audience on a personal level. It can be as simple as a set of pronouns in the header of a blog, a brief bio after an article, or a drawn body in the midst of text.
Distribution/Circulation – concerning the technological publishing options for reproducing, distributing, and circulation digital information
- An online author may use a certain pen name or a recognizable username between multiple platforms in order to promote their work in difference digital spheres. They may choose to post their content at a time when web traffic is high, such as late afternoon EST. They may put a watermark on work in order to prevent it from being attributed to another author should it be redistributed without their consent.
Access/Accessibility – concerning questions about audience connectedness to Internet-based information
- This can mean configuring a website with a mobile layout or an app, and considering how the changes will affect the content published. It’s important to consider what technology your audience has access to.
Interaction: concerning the range and types of engagement encouraged and allowed by digital designs
- This works on multiple levels, and includes features like the share button on many news and entertainment sites which allows audience to connect with other potential audience. There can also be interaction between author and audience, such as a comments section, and audience and content, such as an interactive game or survey.
Economics- concerning copyright, ownership and control of information, fair use, authorship, and the politics of information policy
- This is more of a driving force, a reason to consider ways in which to use the first 4 topoi effectively.
I do find that the five topoi are helpful to consider when consuming or composing digital media. As the audience, it allows you some insight into the mindset of the creators. As the creator, it allows you to consider how best to appeal to the audience on multiple levels in order to achieve the desired effect. I would say though that the second and third topoi could probably be combined, and that as an audience member I do look for the first topoi overtly in the content I seek digitally.
The five components or common topics of digital delivery are really useful when creating a digital text. I realized while reading through this article how noteable it is when these tactics are successfully used. I thought of many digital texts when reading this passage that utilized these components and realized that at the time I read them they had been very effective. The first component is body/ identity which originally confused me. The text claimed that this was the “online representation of the body, gestures, voice, dress, and image..” which I was taken aback by. I really never thought about these things as crucial to a digital text. However, with reflection I realized that these things gives the writer a sense of credibility in the eyes of the audience. If the audience can understand what kind of person you are they may relate to your topic more. The second topic was distribution/ circulation which is vital to a digital text. If there is no distribution then the text will never be found in the mess that is the World Wide Web. Access/ accessibility is also important because the audience needs to feel as though they can understand the text. Interaction is another interesting component that is very important in online text. Nearly every popular site has a comment section that allows the readers to connect and interact with other readers. Articles have numerous debates taking place in the comment section all the time. However, more serious sites typically do not have this section or at least edit this section to only allow comments they deem fit. The component of interaction really affects the audiences’ perspective on how serious the text is. Finally the economics of the digital text are incredibly important because otherwise it would not be a profitable field and we may not even be studying it. Texts’ copyrights always need to be taken into account when composing.
ReplyDeleteIn James E. Porter's, "Recovering Delivery for Digital Rhetoric
ReplyDeleteand Human-Computer Interaction", he outlines five topoi in which the theory of "digital delivery" are built upon; these five topoi include: body/ identity, distribution/ circulation, access/ accessibility (which he later explains the difference between these two terms), interaction, and economics. While he had interesting things to say about each topoi, I found some to more useful as they concern to writing. One of the topoi I found to be less useful for be was body/ identity. Granted what he puts together on it makes sense, it doesn't seem as useful to rhetoric, I guess. It basically just says that you carry your identity through the digital world. For example, your gender, race, sexuality, class may all reflect in your online writing. He also mentions emoticons as a form of gestural representation, which seems a little silly; as well as the creation of avatars for certain online games to represent yourself. Distribution/ circulation seemed to be one of the more important topoi's, in my opinion. This goes back to that underlying question of: who is your audience? This asks you to consider who your target audience is in order to create a form of digital literature that is appropriate given the topic and intended audience. Circulation is also interesting in that it refers to the way in which a piece of online content is shared, and even potentially altered throughout its existence. Access/ accessibility largely discusses the intended audience of rhetoric online. This section gives many percentiles and data on what demographics use the internet and how much. This is appropriate considering accessibility is all about how people access the internet. This section also gives a clear distinction between "access" and "accessibility"; the first indicating a more general claim of whether or not a particular group of people "has the necessary hardware, software, and network connectivity in order to use the Internet — and to whether certain groups of persons have a disadvantaged level of access due to their race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, age, or other factors" whereas accessibility "refers
to the level of connectedness of one particular group of persons" (14). Interaction was another useful topoi because it brings to light the different types of interactions we experience across different digital media. He breaks interaction down into three subsections: usable, useful, engaging/ compelling. These are pretty straight forward as they describe the type of interaction one is to experience when reading online. He uses the example of using the bank app on his phone to deposit a check as a "useable" interaction. And finally there is economics, which really doesn't directly coordinate to economics, or at least in my understanding. I think a better heading for this section would be "motivation" because that's really what he talks about. He discusses why someone would want to compose somethings online, why someone would want to read something online, etc. He goes on to describe the potential motivations to be desire, participation, sharing, and emotional connectedness; these are the things that made more sense to me, personally. Why it has to be economic comes down to the way in which the world works, I suppose. All in all, despite that some seemed more useful than others, I would say these topoi are certainly important things to consider when composing online and I found them to be useful.